Although their exact function and meaning are still unclear, according to the Zhouli (a Han reconstruction of a lost Zhou dynasty text), jade burial practice during the Zhou dynasty included placing a bi disc, a symbol of heaven, on the chest, and a cong, a symbol of Earth, beneath the body. See M.Sullivan, The Arts of China, California, 1999, p.39.|此玉琮由雞白玉製成，內圓外方，中有穿孔，整體為扁圓筒形，突出的四角各琢刻一簡化人面紋，以淺浮雕結合細線刻雕琢成，簡單利落。|有關玉琮的用途，考古界至今尚未有統一定論，最早關於琮的記載見於《周禮》：「以蒼璧禮天、黃琮禮地」，認為琮屬於一種祭祀地神的禮器。可詳閱M.Sullivan著，《The Arts of China》，加州，1999年，頁39。