The ten kings of the underworld and the tormentsSeries of nine tempera paintings, early Qing era, marouflaged on scroll in the early 20th century, depicting nine of the ten kings of the underworld. Depicted are: King Qingguang (the major king of Qin); King Chujiang (king of the first river); King Songdi (the imperial king of Song); King Wuguan (king of the Five Offices); King Yanluo (the Yama king); King Biancheng (king of transformations); King Pingdeng (the impartial king); King Dushi (king of the capital); King Zhuanlun (the king who turns the wheel of reincarnation). Each king is illustrated with the path of the deceased through hell and their torments: impalement, millstone, burning column, butchering, ripping out of the tongue, drowning, sawing, boiling cauldron, and the wheel of reincarnation. China, 18th century. About 125 x 55 cm each