Late 13th century AD. An iron helmet of domed form with conical apex and four bands with trefoil terminals; the dome is forged in four pieces with applied ridged bands creating a four-section appearance; the four iron strips crossing on the top are nailed to the bowl sections, each with five or six rivets, and to the conical apex with four iron rivets, continuing on sides and back around the lower edge of the bowl with a broader band, with carinated upper edge; the front band ending in an expanded bi-lobate plaque, forming the nose-guard and reinforcing the structure; the nose-guard shows arched extension above the eyes and is rivetted to the front with four domed nails; an aventail of ring mail armour composed of rings of circa 1cm in diameter surrounding. See D’Amato, R., ‘Old and new evidence on East-Roman helmets from the 9th to the 12th centuries,’ in Acta Militaria Medievalia, 2015, XI, pp. 27-157. ??????? ?.?. ‘????? ??????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? (Helmets of the Golden Horde warriors of the North Caucasus from private collections)’ in ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????????????./????? ?? ??????????. ??. ???. ?.?. ??????????. tom 8, pp.253-269, pp.266-267, fig.8; D’Amato, R., ‘The betrayal: military iconography and archaeology in the Byzantine paintings of the 11th-15th century AD representing the Arrest of Our Lord’ in Weapons bring peace? Warfare in medieval and early modern Europe, Wroclaw, 2012, pp.69-96, p.84, fig.27; D’Amato, R., Byzantine Naval Forces, 1261-1461 AD, Oxford, 2016, pp.35,46; ??????? ?.?. ‘? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? (?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????) (On the problem of highlighting the Byzantine combat headgear - a group of helmets like example)’ in ??????? ??????????, ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? n.5, Moscow, 2019, pp. 222-252, fig.9, n.5. 4.5 kg total, 57cm including stand (22 1/2"). From a private UK collection, formed 1963-2015; accompanied by an archaeological report by military specialist Dr Raffaele D’Amato; this lot has been checked against the Interpol Database of stolen works of art and is accompanied by AIAD certificate number no.10200-167710. [a video of this item will be available on Timeline Auctions website.]